Understanding Curriculum and Professional Issues free essay sample

This task will investigate current perspectives on demonstrable skill in the Lifelong Learning Sector in the UK, and will make specific reference to the effect of expert status on instructors in the Further Education (FE) division. The paper will look at current strategy before proceeding to examine; demonstrable skill, proceeded with proficient turn of events (CPD), the significance of intelligent practice as an expert property and effect on educating. The task will likewise talk about own self-improvement making reference to subject specialism. At long last demonstrable skill in the segment will be assessed. Truly Further Education (FE) Colleges were once far expelled from the terms ‘professional’ and ‘academic’ and as Spencely (2006 pg 292) reminds us, â€Å"student learning in FE was unquestionably situated in the field of commonsense aptitudes based preparing as opposed to instruction, this accentuation on preparing, as opposed to training, has driven various reporters to scrutinize the presence of the calling of ‘educator’ or ‘teacher’ in the further training sector†. In any case, FE is currently a fundamental piece of the instruction framework and assumes a key job in supporting the expert improvement of educators in the division. Indeed, even with the progressing drive to up expertise FE instructors with educator preparing capabilities, those in FE have all the earmarks of being in a ceaseless motion where acknowledgment of expert status is concerned. Katz, refered to in Avis et al features this when he states â€Å"Few experts talk as much about being proficient as those whose proficient height is in doubt†. (2009 pg 75) FE has attempted to be perceived as expert, this might be on the grounds that most of instructing professionals in FE are from a professional as opposed to scholastic foundation. Right now FE instructors work inside an arrangement of duel professionalism† (Davies 2006) implying that they have professional ability and have picked up educator preparing capabilities so as to create as an expert. In any case, as indicated by Gray and Griffin, â€Å"professionalism of FE has never been homogeneous or especially very much framed in the FE sector† and it does not have the expert culture found in the schools (2000 pg 238). It might be that what Gray neglects to recognize is the FE area is not the school segment and it ought to in this way be extraordinary. Since September 2001, it has been a prerequisite that all instructors in FE universities ought to have, or be moving in the direction of, a broadly perceived educating capability. The first national measures on which such capability was based were drawn up by the Further Education National Training Organization (FENTO). So as to get FENTO support, bodies, for example, the City and Guilds London Institute (CGLI), which at the time granted a scope of division explicit showing capabilities, were required to guarantee that the substance and results of their encouraging capabilities fit in with these national norms. Just educators with a FENTO supported capability were regarded to meet the national necessity for the calling. As the consequence of an administration strategy change, the national preparing associations, including FENTO, were supplanted by segment aptitudes committees, and obligation regarding dealing with the national measures and embracing capabilities for educators in the Lifelong Learning Sector (LLS) was taken over in January 2005 by Standards and Verification UK (SVUK), the gauges and check arm of Lifelong Learning UK (LLUK). This body, which is additionally liable for the expert improvement of instructors in work-based learning and advanced education, drew out a modified arrangement of national principles in 2007 after a long time of meeting. These are known as Qualified Teacher Learning and Skills (QTLS) principles; and it is currently a prerequisite that all educators in the division, regardless of whether full-time or low maintenance, must have, or be progressing in the direction of QTLS. This can be accomplished by various courses, including SVUK-supported advanced education projects, for example, the Certificate of Education (Cert Ed), the Postgraduate or Professional Graduate Certificates in Education (PGCE) The Institute for Learning (IFL) are the main thrust behind looking for proficient acknowledgment for educators in FE. The CEO of the IFL as of late declared a significant advancement for the IFL, remarking on Professor Alison Wolf’s proposal that FE instructors with QTLS ought to be perceived as able to educate in schools. Secretary of state for instruction, Michael Gove, has acknowledged suggestions from the Wolf Report explaining that there is a need to â€Å"allow qualified further training speakers to educate in school study halls on a similar premise as qualified school teachers†. (Goodman, 2011) The Association of Teachers and Lecturers (ATL) underpins the drive to professionalize FE speakers and states that â€Å"The unpreventable end is that it is presently an ideal opportunity for the Qualified Lecturer Status (QLS) to be supplanted by the certified instructor status (QTS), as the benchmark of educator polished skill in FE universities. It is the ideal opportunity for speakers to become teachers.† (ATL, 2011) Although this gives off an impression of being movement we could contend this could be considered more as consistence with an acknowledged perspective on what instructor polished methodology is, while FE ought to be seen as expert and the job of QLS should convey with it proficient status. In any case, while considering current speculation on polished methodology in encouraging Pollard sums up that great educating â€Å"requires an enormous number of verifiable and regularly quick decisions and decisions† frequently molded by the ‘community of practice’ to which we belong†. (Pollard, 2010 pg 5) This assesses homeroom the board, including connections, positive learning conditions and the capacity to be imaginative and inventive. The ‘Teaching Learning Research Project’s’ ten standards of powerful instructing, which structure the premise of polished skill in the showing area, feature a lot of standards which are apparent inside the FE segment, plainly illustrating (from my perspective) value with the school segment. There are various issues around the idea of polished skill and clearly significance here can and will contrast as per ones calling. So as to characterize polished skill we should likewise consider that translation will vary subject to point of view. Demonstrable skill by and large includes the two qualities of self and those of associations. Proficient associations will have a lot of qualities which will be reflected in working practices in accordance with moral norms. In any case, immaterial of association educator polished methodology is a huge factor as it influences the job of the instructor and their teaching method, which thusly influences understudy capacity to adapt successfully. Instructor polished skill ought to contain the fundamental attributes of, capability, execution, and lead, all ofâ which ought to mirror the objectives, capacities, and gauges of the association for whom we work, and should affect on educating through the improvement of these characteristics. Outer drivers, for example, government strategy will and do affect on the status of FE instructors and alongside the acknowledgment of ‘Qualified Teacher Status’ (QTS) will no uncertainty come considerably increasingly thorough review of both understudy and speaker accomplishment. The FE area has kept on developing and so as to help; development, the move in instruction conveyance from teachers to Government control, and to satisfy the needs of Sector Skills Councils, the improvement of polished methodology will keep on being a key core interest. In any case, so as to build up this polished methodology Hargreaves, helps us that the presence to remember top down instruction framework with constrained compensation and over normalization will bring about an incomprehensible calling. Hagreaves states â€Å"The oddity in the expert existence of educators is delineated by the conjunction of two apparently conflicting patterns in the advancement of the showing calling: normalization of instructing and abhorrence to teachers’ professionalization, from one perspective, and higher expert principles and more noteworthy demonstrable skill, on the other†. (2000 pg 11) In 2004 LLUK started the way toward growing new expert showing principles for the FE framework, in accordance with the prerequisites of; Government, Sector Skills Councils, administrative specialists, granting associations and suppliers. Bill Rammell, Minister of State for Lifelong Learning, underscores the significance of polished methodology in instructing, Rammel states, â€Å"I accept these guidelines will contribute enormously to improving quality in instructing, preparing and learning over the further training framework, and give a key piece of the foundation that will bolster the professionalization of the workforce†. (LLUK, undated) However, this may likewise make an increasingly thorough assessment of showing gauges, as educators in FE become progressively qualified, as referenced already, desires will likewise rise. The new expert showing norms, with accentuation on master subject information, will profit FE as far as quality, all the more critically it will likewise give a superior learning experience to understudies, which when we consider demonstrable skill must be our first concern . In any case, Avis (2009 pg 76) makesâ the point that current intuition on creating polished skill, explicitly while thinking about the detail and length of norms, that â€Å" LLUK guidelines are rather than the proportional single page of expansive explanations that spread higher education† the equivalent here applies to schools, it could hence be recommended that the meaning of expert in the FE part is â€Å"more confined and prescriptive than in different territories of education† (Avis, 2009 pg 77) This may likewise application

Why is an Informal Essay Important?

Why is an Informal Essay Important?Formal essay examples have a lot of requirements that are different from an informal essay. Before starting, it is important to know what the differences are between the two. This will help you understand the role of etiquette in writing a formal essay. Once you understand this, you will be able to focus on writing an essay that is unique.Formal essays require you to use formal grammar. It is expected that you are able to write essays with correct grammar. However, an informal essay will usually require you to use informal grammar. Your first goal is to be able to write an essay that is informal and elegant at the same time.In order to write a formal essay, you will need to be sure that you follow the rules of grammar. The rules of grammar are very specific and they can vary greatly depending on the type of essay that you are writing. Another important part of grammar is punctuation. You should be sure that you are using the correct format for both the formal and informal essay.You will also need to have specific details that you need to write a formal essay. The details will be different depending on the type of essay that you are writing. In the formal essay, you will need to describe the points in your essay and how you feel about them.An informal essay will not always need to include a written description of the essay. Instead, you will need to describe what you were thinking when writing the essay. This will include your feelings and emotions that are related to the topic of the essay. This will be different from a formal essay where you will need to provide an explanation of why you are writing.In the formal essay, you will need to use the correct vocabulary. Informal essays often include slang and informal language. These types of words are common in informal essays. You will need to be sure that you are familiar with these terms before writing the essay.In the formal essay, you will also need to research the topic and be sure that you are knowledgeable on the topic. Informal essays are typically written by people who are trying to find a way to express themselves. These people are usually unaware of the strict guidelines that are used to determine whether a certain topic is appropriate for essay writing.Once you know these tips, you will be able to get started writing an essay. An informal essay can be different from a formal essay. There is some grammar that you need to be sure that you are following in both types of essays.

Blog Archive MBA News Is Class or Gender More Divisive at HBS

Blog Archive MBA News Is Class or Gender More Divisive at HBS Reacting to an article about a “case study” on gender inequality that was published in Sunday’s New York Times, many Harvard Business School (HBS) students, alumni and community members have voiced concerns about what they see as a more “pervasive problem” facing the school’s culture. A follow-up article published on Monday points out that class, in addition to gender, has become a dividing issue among HBS students. While tuition is more than $50K per year, the average MBA class is still economically diverse, “with 65 percent of students on financial aid.” Yet students report that to get the full HBS experience, they are expected to spend thousands of dollars more on social activities and section events. As one student stated, “The difference between a good experience and a great experience is only $20,000.” Beyond the costs, students complain that the elite business school culture itself suffers from a conspicuous divide wrought by exclusivity and affluence. An alleged secret society of wealthy, mostly male, mostly international students known as “Section X,” for example, reinforces the image of HBS as a haven for extreme privilege. As the article suggests, “Every Harvard Business School class is organized into 10 sections labeled A through J, and the name Section X implies a pulling away from the wider community.” Reportedly, the most recent class co-presidents have made efforts to reduce the price tag attached to school-sponsored socializing and to make social events more inclusive. But the problem appears even more entrenched than those of gender, given that “many of the school’s top donors and alumni are members of the same ultramoneyed culture that some students criticize.” If and how the administration will intervene to transform HBS’s culture around the issue of class in the same way it has tried to close the gender gap remains to be seen. Share ThisTweet Harvard University (Harvard Business School) News

Benefits Of Long Distance Runners - 951 Words

When I think of Kenya, I think of long distance runners, I think of the beginning of man, I think of its plethora of wildlife, and I think of Barack Obama. What I have never contemplated was Kenya’s agriculture and how it has affected the culture and economics of Kenya. â€Å"Tea, coffee, sisal, pyrethrum, corn, and wheat are grown in the fertile highlands, one of the most successful agricultural production regions in Africa. Production is mainly on small African owned farms formed from the division of formerly European-owned estates.† Coffee in Kenya is big business, but it is grown mainly on small farms by coops of farmers working together. Looking into Kenya’s past will help to clarify how coffee became an agricultural commodity, and give insight into its beginnings. Before outsiders came into Africa, the country now known as Kenya was a nomadic area inhabited by Cushite people. It was not until the first century B.C. that Arabic people came to the area as traders. They soon began to colonize areas along the coast of the Indian Ocean. Also in the first century the Bantu began to settle areas inland from the coast. It took the Europeans over fourteen hundred more years to make their way to Kenya. Kenya was now under the rule of the Portuguese. In the sixteen hundreds Kenya came under Islamic rule, until the nineteenth century when it became a British colony. It is in the 19th century that an eastern area of Africa becomes Kenya. In 1888 Kenya comeShow MoreRelatedConquering Endurance Running: Minimizing Risk and Running Injury Free1200 Words   |  5 Pages could achieve such tasking running distance. Elite runners complete the marathon course in just over 2 hours, while the average runner completes it in about 4.5 hours. It’s difficult to comprehend how someone could run, consistently, for 4.5 hours.The actual marathon is simply a formality as the journey starts the day training begins. The outcome, the day of the mar athon, is dependent on how successful the training program was executed. Long distance runners are the biggest advocates of the sportRead MoreRunning Is the Purest Form of Exercise1446 Words   |  6 PagesRunning is the purest form of exercise. Its simplicity requires minimal equipment or experience, as the running motion is an innate movement for the human body. More specifically ultra running is beyond the marathon distance of 26.2 miles and incorporates distances of 50, 100, and 200-mile races. While it takes any novice athlete to take part in the simple act of running a few advanced individuals turn running into an art form and expand their expertise to endurance running as seen in ultra marathonRead MoreCorrelation Between Exercise And Human Health1616 Words   |  7 Pageshigher energy levels and speedier recoveries. A distance runner may fuel up with carbohydrates before a marathon to have a reasonable glycogen storage in the liver. Alternatively, a body builder will in gest high amounts of protein after a training session to help build muscle and quicken recovery. Because of contrasting nutritional needs and training, the physical composition of athletes may vary. According to Burke and Cox (2010), distance runners tend to have a slimmer build, with little overallRead MorePersuasive Essay On Runners Choice1643 Words   |  7 PagesRehabilitation, more than 70 percent of runners will experience injury† (Cespedes 3). In our world today, running has been one of the go to exercises to lose weight. It is an enjoyable way to exercise, and is a natural stress reliever. Running can change your lifestyle and force you to adapt to certain physically intense situations. This includes the body’s reaction to stress, and a variety of other effects that come with running regularly. Running has a plethora of health benefits that include a prolonged lifeRead MoreMy Favorite Sport864 Words   |  4 PagesI have many hobbies but my favorite has to be running. There are numerous reasons to run like the health benefits you gain from it but I only run for one sole purpose. When most people think of meditating, an image of someone sitting down with their legs crossed with their eyes closed as they hum away appears to mind however, my meditation is running. When I run my long-distance races preferable my 5k races, I get into this weird state of mind where all my stress and built up emotions for the weekRead MoreSwimming Is Not A Natural Act1332 Words   |  6 Pagesswimming water acts as the resistance while in running, air is the resistance. Water is a lot thicker than air which makes it harder to move through. When running, performance peters out as the distances get longer but in swimming the pace is consistent regardless of the distance. Swimming has a lot of benefits which most people don’t know about. Swimming keeps your heartrate up without overstressing the body. It builds endurance, muscle strength and cardiovascular fitness. Swimming also keeps the heartRead MoreThe Benefits of Exercising Essay772 Words   |  4 PagesThe Benefits of Exercising What can exercise do for me? Exercise does more then reduce weight, it can improve both our health and fitness, and should involve using as much of the body as possible. Exercise has two main benefits: v Short term these are the effects that happen during the activity itself and also contribute to the long term benefits e.g. the heart rate will increase, which will increase the flow and pressure of the blood. v Long term theseRead MoreHistory Of Running And Its Growth1364 Words   |  6 Pagesa means of survival† gave us â€Å"exceptional endurance†(History of Running,†n.d.).Humans are known to test their limits which is entirely true throughout the history of racing. Running not only for survival or necessity but for the enjoyment, health benefits, and competition are immanent in todays society. The history of human instinct, racing, as well as competitiveness accumulate to produce an extensive-and by all means-interesting story. Productive running began thousands of years ago. The basisRead MoreThe Benefits of Running Essay975 Words   |  4 Pageselderly, they can all be runners. All one needs is a pair of shoes and workout clothes, which are extremely easy to find or purchase if necessary. There is common misconception about people thinking speed sequesters winners and losers, where the truth is everyone wins. Training for Young Distance Runners by Larry Greene and Russ Pate says â€Å"Runners . . . may come to think that finishing first is the only measure of success. This would be unfortunate because only a few runners, usually the fittestRead MoreHow The Muscular System Enables Movement For The Body1461 Words   |  6 PagesAnaerobic Aerobic Long term anaerobic Short term anaerobic Force Minimal Force High force Very High force Associated sports Endurance events such as marathon running and cycling. Middle distance running such as 800m or 1500m Speed, strength and power type activities such as 100m or 200m sprinting Different muscles with different muscle arrangements will play better in some sports then others due to the sports specificity. For example it is important for a long distance runner to have an ectomorph

How to Transfer Colleges A Guide for Success

If youre thinking of transferring to a new college, you arent alone. A 2015 study from the National Student Clearinghouse Research Center revealed that 37.2 percent of college students transfer to a different college within six years of first starting school.   If youre thinking of transferring, make sure you are informed about how the process works. With some careful planning, you can avoid many of the hidden costs of transferring and ensure that your attempt to transfer is successful. Done improperly, you may end up with a rejection from your target school, or your transfer may lead to a longer and more expensive path to graduation. Have a Good Reason for Transferring Colleges Before you decide to change schools, make sure you have a good reason for transferring.  Struggles with bad roommates or difficult professors are likely to improve over time, and its important to give yourself adequate time to adjust to college life before considering a transfer. If youre trying to transfer to a selective four-year college, the admissions folks will be looking to see that you have a compelling  reason for your transfer. They will admit only those students whose transfer applications articulate a clear and meaningful rationale for the transfer. Choose Classes at Your Current College Carefully One of the greatest frustrations when transferring to a new college can arise when you try to transfer credits from your current college to your new college. Remedial classes often wont transfer, and highly specialized classes may transfer as elective credits that dont count towards  graduation requirements. If your credits fail to transfer, youll may be looking at a longer time to graduation, which can be one of the most significant hidden costs of transferring. Even if your target school costs much less than your current college, you wont realize those savings if you end up paying for an extra year of tuition and fees. You may be able to avoid this problem by taking general education classes such as Introduction to Psychology or American Literature, which are offered at nearly all colleges and generally transfer without problems. Also, look to see if your target school has an articulation agreement with your current college. Many colleges have pre-approved classes for transfer credit. Within public university systems, youll often find that articulation agreements are in place for students who transfer from community colleges to four-year state universities. Keep Up Your Grades atYour Current College Even after you decide to transfer, keep your grades up.  Colleges want to admit transfer students who have demonstrated their ability to succeed in college. Just as your academic record in high school was the most important part of your regular college application, your college academic record is going to be the most important part of your transfer application. The admissions folks will be looking to see that you have a proven record of  handling college-level work. Also, think about your transfer credits and the time it will take you to graduate. Colleges generally wont transfer grades that are lower than a C. The fewer credits you are able to transfer, the longer it will take you to graduate. If it takes you five or six years to graduate instead of four, you could be looking at tens of thousands of dollars of additional costs as well as a year or two in which you arent earning income. Position Yourself to Get Good Letters of Recommendation Its important that you dont burn bridges at your current college. Many transfer applications require at least one letter of recommendation from a faculty member at your current school, so make sure you have a good relationship with one or two professors so that you can get  positive recommendations. Youll be in an awkward position if you need to ask for a letter from a professor whose class youve regularly skipped or who doesnt know who you are. Step outside of your own shoes and think about what a recommender will say about you. Your transfer application will be much stronger with a recommendation letter that begins All of us at ABC College will be sorry to see John leave us rather than Although I dont know John well... Finally, be thoughtful and give your recommenders plenty of time to write their letters. Its inconsiderate and unreasonable to ask for a letter that is due in 24 hours, and you may very well get a refusal from your professor. Plan ahead, and make sure the people recommending you have at least a couple of weeks to write their letters. Keep Track of Transfer Application Deadlines If youre planning to begin classes at your new college in the fall, transfer application deadlines will often be in March or April. Typically, the more selective the school, the earlier the deadline will be (for example, Harvard Universitys transfer application deadline is March 1st and Cornell Universitys is March 15th). Transfer students in the University of California system need to apply at the same time as the regular applicant pool in November. At many less selective schools, transfer applications can be submitted in late spring or even the summer for fall admission. Deadlines will often be flexible depending on the colleges current needs and enrollments. Penn State, for example, has an April 15th priority deadline, but after that date the university has a rolling admission policy. In general, you will  have the best chances of a successful transfer if you plan ahead and submit your application before the published deadline. This is particularly true for highly selective colleges and universities. That said, youll still have many transfer options should you decide to transfer at the end of the academic year, and its not that unusual for students to transfer just a couple of weeks before classes begin. Youll want to contact the admissions office at your target school to find out if they are still accepting transfer applications. Make Sure Your Transfer Application Essay Is Specific and Polished Dont underestimate the importance of your transfer application essay. The Common Application for transfer students asks for a statement that addresses your reasons for transferring and the objectives you hope to achieve.  Colleges that dont use the Common Application will typically ask a similar question: Why do you want to transfer to our school? As you write your transfer essay, youll want to have clear, school-specific reasons for your transfer. What exactly does your target school offer that makes it attractive to you? Does it have a specific academic program that speaks to your interests and career goals? Does the school have an approach to learning that you think is a good match for you? As a test to see if your essay succeeds on this front, try replacing your target schools name with a different schools name everywhere in your essay. If your the still makes sense when you substitute in a different colleges name for your target school, your essay is too vague and generic. The admissions officers dont just want to know why you want to transfer to a different school. They want to know why you want to transfer to their  school. Finally, keep in mind that a good transfer essay  does more than present clear and specific reasons for transferring. It also needs to be polished and engaging. Proofread and edit carefully to improve the essays style  and ensure that your prose is free of awkward language and grammatical errors. Visit Campus and Make an Informed Decision Before you accept an offer of transfer admission, make sure you are making a wise decision. Visit the campus of your target school. Sit in on classes. Talk with professors in the major you hope to pursue. And ideally, arrange an overnight visit to get a good sense of the campus environment. In short,  make sure that your target school truly is a good match for your personal and professional goals. Ultimately, you should feel confident and clear-headed in your decision to transfer.

Gay Marriage the Recognition of Equal Human Rights

Gay Marriage: The Recognition of Equal Human Rights In America, people hold on to the Declaration of Independence as an implementation of their rights. Part of the Declaration of Independence clearly states, â€Å"We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness† (Jefferson 80). Gays are human beings too, and they should equally be able to enjoy the human rights. If we believe that human rights are equal regardless of their sexual orientation; then why do gays have to struggle for equal positions in the church, law, and psychological equality? Gay people, their families, and their†¦show more content†¦Marriage cannot be severed from its cultural, religious and natural roots without weakening the good influence of society (Burns 7). President Bush described marriage as cultural and natural way to expand the society, because of the fact that marriage between man and woman would produce and foster children. These man-woman marriages are honored by faith and beliefs. He does not want the changes in marriage values affect the society in a bad way. In addition, for people that do not agree on gay marriage, they have skepticism about how gay marriages will affect children in the future. Although people assume that gay couples will not have children, but in reality they do, either from previous relationships, adoptions or simply have to raise children from other family’s member. However, children who are raised by gay couples need legal assurance from their â€Å"gay parents†. According to Anne Pollock, a graduate student in social studies from Massachusetts Institute of Technology, â€Å"The first priority of civil marriage should be to provide a secure environment for all children. The religious right’s claim that children benefit from their [antigay activists] assaults against gay families is nothing less than hypocritical. (Burns)† If the gay parents do not have equal legal rights, like what stated in DOMA; so that, if something happens to one of the gay parent, their children also will suffer from the consequences. ForShow MoreRelatedWhy Did The 14th Amendment Guarantees Equal Protection Under The Law?1092 Words   |  5 Pagesfavor to legalize same-sex marriage in all 50 countries in the United States. This all occurred because of the Obergefell v. Hodges (2015) case. This very important case involved â€Å"14 same-sex couples and two men whose same-sex partners are deceased† and the couples argued that the â€Å"state officials violated [their] 14th amendment by denying them the right to marry or to have marriages lawfully performed in another state given full recognition and also violated their equal protection Clause. The supremeRead MoreGay Marriage Should Be Legal1574 Words   |  7 Pagescommunity and abides by the law deserves the rights of an American; however, not all citizens are afforded equal rights. Gays and lesbians are consistently denied rights that are typically taken for granted by the average American. Specifically, gay and lesbian couples ar e denied the right to marry even if they are outstanding citizens. They are held at an unfair disadvantage solely because of their sexual orientation. This discrimination must stop, because gay and lesbian couples are law-abiding citizensRead MoreThe Rights Of Gay And Lesbian Couples1451 Words   |  6 PagesA Right to Love Most people feel that Government rights should automatically be granted to U.S. citizens. An upstanding citizen who pays their taxes, serves their community and abides by the law should be afforded the rights of an American. However, not all citizens are afforded equal rights. Gay and lesbians are consistently denied rights that are typically taken for granted by the average American. Specifically, gay and lesbians couples are denied the right to marry even if they are upstandingRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Gay And Lesbians1447 Words   |  6 PagesMost people believe that they deserve the rights they are granted by the government. An upstanding citizen who pays their taxes, serves their community and abides by the law should be afforded the rights of an American. However, not all citizens are afforded equal rights. Gay and lesbians are consistently denied rights that are typically taken for granted by the average American. Specifically, gay and lesbians couples are denie d the right to marry even if they are upstanding citizens. TheyRead MoreGay Marriage Should Be Legalized1280 Words   |  5 Pages Most people believe that they deserve the rights they are granted by the government. An upstanding citizen who pays their taxes, serves their community and abides by the law should be afforded the rights of an American. However, not all citizens are afforded equal rights. Gay and lesbians are consistently denied rights that are typically taken for granted by the average American. Specifically, gay and lesbians couples are denied the right to marry even if they are upstanding citizens. TheyRead More Gay Marriage Should Be Legal Essay853 Words   |  4 PagesStates have fought for their civil rights in past decades, it is the gay community that now finds itself striving for equal opportunities in our culturally diverse nation. Although they have already come a long way in the path of acceptance, most recently the gay community has had to confront extremist conservative groups who claim that allowing same-sex couples to join in a civilly recognized union violates the act of a tr aditional, sacred marriage. Gay and lesbian individuals feel that, likeRead MoreSame Sex Marriage Should Be Legal1254 Words   |  6 Pagesa person believes in something different does not mean they are not human as well. The court did notice marriage as a fundamental right. However, they took the position that the fundamental right to marry does not include a right to make a State change its definition of marriage, and that the previous cases dealing with the fundamental right to marry did not provide that anyone who wants to get married has a constitutional right to do so. The dissent concerns were more that the majority opinion wasRead MoreGay And Gay Rights Movement853 Words   |  4 Pagesof 1968, gay and lesbian rights movements started booming in the 1970’s (Smith 328). At first, the purpose of the movements was to gain support from the public on their cause of equal rights for LGBT people. However, the main goal was for the â€Å"legalization of homosexual behavior; an end to state regulat ion and repression of lesbian and gay life; and the passage and enforcement of antidiscrimination measures, most importantly in the area of employment† (Smith 334). To do this, the gay rights movementsRead MoreEssay on The Right to Same Sex Marriage1590 Words   |  7 PagesSame sex marriage is a highly controversial topic that has been lingering in America for some time now. The American society prides itself in the provision of equal rights and opportunities to all, yet, homosexuals continue to be discriminated against and denied their rights to marriage. It is often believe that â€Å"marriage is a commitment between two people that love each other and want to share the rest of their life side by side. It is not measured by whether it is a man and a woman, or a coupleRead MoreThe Rights Of Gay And Lesbian Couples Essay1536 Words   |  7 Pagesthe majority believe that they deserve the rights they are granted with the aid of the government. An upstanding citizen who pa ys their taxes, serves their network and abides by means of the regulation must be afforded the rights of an American. however, no longer all residents are afforded same rights. gay and lesbians are continuously denied rights which are typically taken for granted through the common American. particularly, gay and lesbians couples are denied the proper to marry even supposing

In The Scarlet Letter, Nathaniel Hawthrone masterf Essay Example For Students

In The Scarlet Letter, Nathaniel Hawthrone masterf Essay ully weaves many themes and uses character development to format the plot of this novel. The themes of The Scarlet Letter are carried out through the four main characters Hester Prynne, Arthur Dimmesdale, Roger Chillingsworth, and Pearl and also through symbolism. In this novel, Hawthrone hoped to show that although Hester and Dimmesdale sinned, they achieved the wisdom of self knowledge and inner growth through their suffering. BackgroundBefore the novel actually starts, there is a section of the book entitled The Custom House. While this is not an integral part of the novel, it provides insight into Nathaniel Hawthrone, the man. Here it is learned that Hawthrones ancestors were strict Puritans (he was born in Salem). One of his ancestors was considered a hanging judge and was actually a judge in the Salem Witch Trails. This is why Hawthrone has an interest in the Puritan period. Although Hawthrone did not actually participate in the Puritan period, he still felt guilty about what his ancestors did. He was angered by the hypocrisy of the church who condemned sins, yet committed them and was also angered by the government. This becomes apparent to the reader throughout the course of the novel. In fact, The Scarlet Letter was a way for Hawthrone to vent his frustrations with the institutions. Brief Summary of the NovelThe Scarlet Letter is a novel revolving around a woman who committed the sin of adultery in a small Puritan town in seventeenth-century Boston. Hester Prynne, the adulteress, refuses to reveal her lovers name, and as a result is forced to wear a large, red A on her bosom. This is to tell everyone of her sin. Hester is also forced to live isolated with her daughter, Pearl, who is the result of her sin. Meanwhile, the small Puritan town remains very devoted to and very proud of their young minister, Arthur Dimmesdale. What they do not know is that it is Dimmesdale who is Hesters Lover and Pearls father. The fact that Dimmesdale keeps his sin a secret is tearing him up, both physically and emotionally. To complicate matters even more, Hesters old and slightly deformed husband is back. He had stayed in England for quite a while allowing Hester to settle into their new home. Her husband, Roger Chillingsworth, comes to the town at precisely the moment that Hester is!being presented to the world as an adulteress. Chillingsworth sees Hester with the scarlet letter upon her breast and in the moment of Hesters greatest humiliation. He is outraged and vows that he (the lover) will be known. (p. 69) He pretends to be a physician and eventually suspects Dimmesdale of the breaking the seventh commandment. Chillingsworths mission becomes that of revenge. Themes and Character DevelopmentHesterIn The Scarlet Letter, the themes are played out by the characters. Hesters development, for example, illustrates the theme that recognition of our weaknesses may make people stronger and more sympathetic to the weaknesses of others. The punishment that is chosen for Hester is a long and drawn-out one. It is a mental punishment, one that will last her her entire lifetime. Like Chillingsworth stated on page 69, A wise sentence! Thus she will be a living sermon against sin, until the ignominious letter be engraved upon her tombstone.Because of her great punishment, Hester grows and matures throughout the years. The letter causes her to be an outsider in her own home and for her to have no friends. As a result, she matures much. Whenever a person matures, he or she can look at the world through a different pair of eyes and therefore be more perceptive to other peoples pain. Hester, in part of a punishment imposed on herself, helps the poor. She uses her surplus to give to the less fortunate, although they feel superior to her and show it. But due to Hesters maturity she continues to help the poor. Because Hester felt pain, she learned to be warm and rich; a wellspring of human tenderness, unfailing to every real demandshe was a self-ordained Sister of Mercy.(p.156) In fact, it is ironic how a person who was shunned by a town in receiving the scarlet letter was later praised by it how the supposed most vile person was really the kindest and most sincere. She want from Adulteress to Able. (p.156)Hester also shows her great emotional growth with Dimmesdale. When she is with him, it is she who is the strong one. She is the one who made the decision to leave and it was her who bore the humiliation of the towns justice alone, without betraying her lover. Hesters growth can be especially seen when compared to Dimmesdales deterioration. Hester grew because she faced her sin, while Dimmesdale slowly killed himself as a result of hiding his sin and living with guilt. Hester also embodies the theme that the truth can set you free. While Dimmesdale grew frailer every day, Hester chose to overcome the punishment imposed on her by the community. The reason she could overcome the punishment is that she had not hidden the truth as Dimmesdale did. Her salvation lied in the truth. This is evident in chapter seventeen, where Hester and Dimmesdale met in the woods after a separation of seven years. While Hester has made her peace, Dimmesdale is consumed with guilt of his double life. He does not know what to do with himself. Dimmesdale goes as far as to say. Happy are you, Hester, that wear the scarlet letter openly on your bosom! Mine burns in secret!(p.183) This shows the reader that the reason that Hester has been able to walk through the town and survive the seven years of punishment is that she has allowed the truth to be told. Exploring key issues in the collapse of Enron EssayChillingsworthRoger Chilligsworth exemplifies the theme that revenge and hatred can destroy a person. When he is first mentioned in the book, he is but a mere observer of Hesters punishment. But it is soon evident that he is Hesters husband. From very early on the reader can soon see that Chillingsworth is a very evil person whose goal in life is to destroy Hesters lover. From the time that his face darkened with some powerful emotion(p.67) when first seeing Hester on the scaffold, Chillingsworths face has evil reflected on it. The hatred on Chillingworths face is seen by many. They affirmed that his aspect had undergone a remarkable change especially since he abode with Dimmesdale. the former aspect of an intellectual and studious man, calm and quiethad altogether vanished and had been succeeded by an eager, searching, almost fierce, yet carefully guarded look.(p.163)Chillingsworth did all in his power to torture the minister. He now dug into the poor clergymans heart like a miner searching for gold.(p.127)Pearl, who throughout the novel shows a strange insight into people, calls Chillingsworth the Black Man.It can therefore be said that revenge and hatred can destroy a person. PearlIn The Scarlet Letter, Pearl is more of a symbol than an example of a theme through character development. She is the embodiment of Hesters and Dimmesdales sin. Pearl is the living symbol of adultery. She is the living embodiment of the scarlet A symbol of passion. Hester recognized this and as a result dressed Pearl in the same way her scarlet letter is adorned. She dresses Pearl in crimson velvet abundantly embroidered with flourishes of gold thread. Pearl is also the symbol of the illicit union between Hester and Dimmesdale. In the second scaffold scene she is the link between the two. But although Pearl is foremost a symbol, she does develop greatly in this book. Pearl is also reinforces other themes in the novel. For example, in the end of the story Pearl is seen changed while enforcing the theme that the truth can set you free. In the third scaffold scene, she finally kisses Dimmesdale, who has finally come clean with the truth. Pearl has now broken the spell. The truth causes Dimmesdales joy and now Pearl would grow up amid human joy and sorrow, nor forever do battle with the world, but be a woman in it.(p.238)PlotThe plot in The Scarlet Letter is mostly developed in the three scaffold scenes. Here is where the major characters are in conflict with themselves or with each other. In the first scaffold scene there is conflict between Hester and the community. The town is punishing Hester and she rebels against it by refusing to show any emotion other than indifference and pride. There is conflict with Chillingsworth and the adulterer because it is here that Chill ingsworth vows that he will be known.In the second scaffold scene, Hester, Pearl, and Dimmesdale hold hands. But Pearl asks Dimmesdale if he will acknowledge them the next day at noon. When Dimmesdale says no, she tries to let go of her fathers hand. The reason is that Pearl always feels conflict with Dimmesdale whenever he does not acknowledge her or her mother in the publics presence. There is also conflict here between Chillingsworth and Dimmesdale in the second scaffold scene. Chillingsworth catches the family upon the scaffold and was not careful then, as at all other times, to hide the malevolence with which he looked upon his victim.(p.151)In the third scaffold scene, Dimmesdale admits his guilt, which causes a conflict between him and the community, which does not believe that their minister is capable of such a sin. There is also a major climate of climatic proportions between Chillingsworth and Dimmesdale. When the minister is about to confess, Chillingsworth comes forth t o try to stop him. He does so because if Dimmesdale confesses, he will be unable to continue his punishment and revenge towards him. In the third scaffold scene, Pearls conflict with Dimmesdale ends because he finally confesses to being her father. She kisses him and at last becomes human, not the little imp she has been throughout the novel. The major sources of conflict and character development in the three scaffold scenes show how the plot is mostly developed there. ConclusionNathaniel Hawthrone creates an interesting tangle of themes played out through character development to unfold the plot of The Scarlet Letter. He marks the plot through the three scaffold scenes that show the four main characters in conflict with each other and themselves. The many interpretations of the novel and the rich symbolism in The Scarlet Letter have made it a classic and will continue to fascinate both the serious literary student and the casual reader alike.

Old Suburgatory (revised) free essay sample

Waking up every day at the same time and walking out the door to a familiar friendly face, a short drive from the city yet an even shorter drive to the country. Those are just a few of the things Suburgatory, USA has to offer. It offers the serenity of a backyard hammock and real life stop and go traffic on Main Street. But Suburgatory does more than offer you a nice tranquil setting, safety insured neighborhoods and the convenience of having everything you need close to home. Suburgatory shapes who you are as a person. Suburgatory molded my personality into the person I am today. Through all my experiences in Suburgatory I’ve learned valuable life lessons that unbeknownst to me, have prepared me for life outside the confines of my hometown. My experience in Suburgatory can be compared to the exploits of the Foreman basement gang in That’s 70s Show. We will write a custom essay sample on Old Suburgatory (revised) or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page You never know what’s going to happen next. In Suburgatory you can hang around in your basement with your friends and not get bored or go down to the local pizza joint and grab a bite and speak your mind. There will be a running gag going on for weeks that only the kids in your group can comprehend. Though Suburgatory is more than a TV skit, it’s a real life, never the same once in a lifetime experience. Suburgatory is where I started my life and the place I can credit to the foundation I have today. It’s not just a hometown, its family. Suburgatory is the place where you’ll always know someone when you come back because they never wanted to leave home. You’ll always have family in Suburgatory, whether or not it’s really yours. In Suburgatory you can experience a lifetime of experiences without leaving your town, not too big, not too small, and all home. It all at your disposal, its all what you make of it.

High Frequency Omnidirectional Range Essay Essays

High Frequency Omnidirectional Range Essay Essays High Frequency Omnidirectional Range Essay Essay High Frequency Omnidirectional Range Essay Essay The VHF Omnidirectional Range pilotage system. VOR. was likely the most important air power innovation other than the jet engine. With it. a pilot can merely. accurately. and without ambiguity navigate from Point A to Point B. The widespread debut of VORs began in the early 1950s and 50 old ages subsequently it remains the primary pilotage system in the overpowering bulk of aircraft. VHF omnidirectional wireless scope ( VOR ) . is a type of short-range wireless pilotage system for aircraft. enabling aircraft to find their place and remain on class by having wireless signals transmitted by a web of fixed land wireless beacons with a receiving system unit. It uses wireless frequences in the really high frequence ( VHF ) set from 108 to 117. 95 MHz. Developed in the US beginning in 1937 and deployed by 1946. VOR is the standard air navigational system in the universe. used by both commercial and general air power. There are about 3000 VOR Stationss around the uni verse. It is practically free from inactive and dark consequence therefore is a dependable navigational assistance by twenty-four hours and dark. VOR Ground Station ( aerial ) The prefix â€Å"omni-† means all and an omnidirectional scope is a VHF wireless conveying land station that undertakings directly line classs ( radials ) from the station in all waies. From a top position. it can be visualized as being similar to the radiuss from the hub of a wheel. The distance VOR radials are projected depends upon the power end product of the sender. The class or radials projected from the station are referenced to magnetic North. Therefore. a radial is defined as a line of magnetic bearing widening outward from the VOR station. Radials are identified by Numberss get downing with 001. which is 1 ° E of magnetic North. and advancement in sequence through all the grades of a circle until making 360. To assistance in orientation. a compass rose mention to magnetic North is superimposed on aeronautical charts at the station location. TWO CATEGORIES OF VOR 1. Normal VOR Beacon for en-route navigation- has radio frequence bearer end product of about 200 Watts to supply a service scope of up to 200 maritime stat mis. ( Category A ) 2. Terminal VOR- has a lower end product of about 50 Watts to supply the limited coverage ( 25 maritime stat mis ) required for attack and allow down to an airdrome. ( Category B ) BASIC PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION The basic rule of operation of the VOR is really simple: the VOR installation transmits two signals at the same clip. One signal is changeless in all waies. while the other is rotated about the station. The airborne equipment receives both signals. expressions ( electronically ) at the difference between the two signals. and interprets the consequence as a radial from the station. VOR Stationss broadcast a VHF wireless composite signal including the station’s identifier. voice ( if equipped ) . and navigation signal. The identifier is typically a two- or three-letter twine in Morse codification. The voice signal. if used. is normally the station name. in-flight recorded advisories. or unrecorded flight service broadcasts. The pilotage signal allows the airborne receiving equipment to find a magnetic bearing from the station to the aircraft ( way from the VOR station in relation to the Earth’s magnetic North at the clip of installing ) . VOR Stationss in countries of mag netic compass undependability are oriented with regard to True North. A VOR land station sends out a maestro signal. and a extremely directional 2nd signal that varies in stage 30 times a 2nd compared to the maestro. This signal is timed so that the stage varies as the secondary aerial spins. such that when the aerial is 90 grades from north. the signal is 90 grades out of stage of the maestro. By comparing the stage of the secondary signal to the maestro. the angle ( bearing ) to the station can be determined. This bearing is so displayed in the cockpit of the aircraft. and can be used to take a hole as in earlier wireless way determination ( RDF ) systems. although it is. in theory. easier to utilize and more accurate. This line of place is called the â€Å"radial† from the VOR. The intersection of two radials from different VOR Stationss on a chart provides the place of the aircraft. VOR Stationss are reasonably short scope. the signals have a scope of about 200 stat mis. VOR EQUIPMENT Course divergence index-A class divergence index ( CDI ) is an avionics instrument used in aircraft pilotage to find an aircraft’s sidelong place in relation to a path. If the location of the aircraft is to the left of class. the needle deflects to the right. and frailty versa. VOR Antennas -One or two metre-long aerials lodging up and back out of the roof of the cockpit. These are the aerial for your VHF communicating wirelesss. the 1s used to speak to traffic and to command towers. VOR Receiver – The VOR receiving system converts signals from the aerial to the readings displayed on the pilotage index. VOR Ground Equipment – Consist of a VOR land station which is a little low edifice topped with a white phonograph record upon which are located the VOR aerial and fiberglass conic tower. CONE OF CONFUSION Land senders radiate signals in lift 60 ° to 80 ° above skyline. A spread over caput in the signifier of an upside-down cone is left with no or weak radiation. Flying through this part causes confusion in indicants in the airborne equipment. Passing through this zone the indicants flick quickly. To find exactly the overhead place is hard but positive and stable indicant thenceforth confirm transition of the station. STATION IDENTIFICATION A Morse codification amplitude modulated signal comprising usually three letters is transmitted every 10 seconds for positive designation of the VOR by air crew. Some VORs carry voice transmittal besides for automatic terminal information service ( ATIS ) and designation. Limited voice communicating one manner installation by land control may besides be available in event of communicating failure on normal VHF. The voice signal. if used. is normally the station name. in-flight recorded advisories. or unrecorded flight service broadcasts. The pilotage signal allows the airborne receiving equipment to find a magnetic bearing from the station to the aircraft ( way from the VOR station in relation to the Earth’s magnetic North at the clip of installing ) . VOR Stationss in countries of magnetic compass undependability are oriented with regard to True North. During care a trial signal or no designation may be received. Pilots utilizing VOR must ever positively place the station before usage and continue to supervise the same. Monitoring. A proctor unit near the sender on land is located within country of radiation of the VOR sender. The proctor continuously compares the standard signal with specified parametric quantities. In event of any of the followers. the proctor switches off the VOR sender or withholds the designation and navigation signal transmittal. ( a ) Received bearing is in mistake by more than 1 ° ( B ) Either of the signals – maestro or secondary signal autumn below 15 % in strength ( degree Celsius ) Monitor itself fails. A standby sender is provided to coup detat in instance of malfunction. but it takes some clip to stabilise its transmittal. Therefore. it is emphasized that pilots must listen for designation of the codification for interest of safety. Service VOLUMES A VOR station serves a volume of air space called its Service Volume. Some VORs have a comparatively little geographic country protected from intervention by other Stationss on the same frequency- called â€Å"terminal† or T-VORs. Other Stationss may hold protection out to 130 maritime stat mis ( NM ) or more. Although it is popularly thought that there is a standard difference in power end product between T-VORs and other Stationss. in fact the stations’ power end product is set to supply equal signal strength in the specific site’s service volume. In the United States. there are three standard service volumes ( SSV ) : Terminal. Low. and High ( Standard Service Volumes do non use to print Instrument Flight Rules ( IFR ) routes ) . US Standard Service Volumes ( excerpted from FAA AIM ) | * 1 maritime stat mi = 1. 85200 kilometres VOR INDICATOR A: Rotating Course Card is calibrated from 0 to 360 grades. which indicates the VOR bearing chosen as the mention to wing by pilot. Bacillus: Omni Bearing Selector or OBS boss. used to manually revolve the class card to where the point to wing to. C: TO-FROM index. The trigon pointer will indicate UP when winging to the VOR station. The pointer will indicate DOWN when winging off from the VOR station. A ruddy flag replaces theseTO-FROM pointers when the VOR is beyond response scope or the station is out. Calciferol: Course Deviation Indicator ( CDI ) . This needle moves left or right bespeaking the way to turn the aircraft to return to class. Point: The horizontal points at centre are represent the aircraft off from the class. Each point represent 2 grades deviate from coveted class. Aircraft VOR Component 1. VOR RECEIVER: In many modern aircraft one control unit is used for both the VOR receiving system and the VHF communications transceiver. When located together. the wireless is called a NAVCOM ( See Navcom Control Panels figure ) . The VOR signals are received on the aerial. usually located on the perpendicular stabilizer or on top of the fuselage. This aerial resembles a â€Å"V† prevarication in a horizontal plane. The VOR receiving system converts signals from the aerial to the readings displayed on the pilotage index. 2. NAVIGATION Index: The VOR pilotage index gives the pilot aircraft place information by agencies of three constituents. The path picker. sometimes called the omnibearing picker or OBS. is used to revolve the AZ ring. which displays the selected VOR path. ( See Navigation Indicator figure ) . This ring may besides demo the reciprocal of the selected path. The TO-FROM/OFF flag indicates whether the path will take the pilot to or from the station. If the aircraft is out of stationrange and can non have a dependable. useable signal the TO-FROM/OFF index shows OFF. Besides. the OFF flag is displayed when the aircraft is straight over the station. when abeam of the station in the country of ambiguity ( i. e. . straight on either side of the station ) or when beyond the response scope of the station selected. When the aircraft header agrees by and large with the path picker. the path divergence saloon ( TB ) shows the pilot the place relation to the path selected and indicates whether the radial is to the right or left The TB acerate leaf has a cubic decimeter 0 ° spread from centre to either side when having a VOR signal. The Track Bar ) . shows that an aircraft 5 ° off path would hold the TB one-half of the manner from centre to the outside border. If the aircraft is 10 ° off path the needle swings wholly to one side. Each point on the pilotage index represents 2 ° when the pilot is winging VOR. 3. TRACK ARROW: Each clip a path is chosen on the picker. the country around the VOR station is divided into halves or envelopes ( see Left Right Envelopes figure ) . It is helpful to believe of the spliting line as a path pointer. which runs through the station and points in the way of the selected path. The Terbium shows the pilot in which of these two envelopes the aircraft is located. If the aircraft is winging along the path line. the TB acerate leaf is centered. If the aircraft flies to the left of the path pointer ( as in place A ) . the TB needle swings to the right. If the aircraft moves to the right of the path pointer. ( place B ) . the TB needle swings to the left. Whenever the pilot changes the path picker. he or she should visualise an fanciful path pointer over the station. In this manner. the pilot can look at the TB and Tell in which envelope the aircraft is located. 4. REFERENCE LINE: When the pilot selects a path. the place of another line is established. a mention line perpendicular to the path pointer and crossing it at the station. The mention line divides the VOR response country into two extra sectors. The country forward of the mention line is the FROM envelope and the country to the rear of the mention line is the TO envelope. The TO-FROM index shows in which envelope the aircraft is located. In the To-From Envelopes figure. both aircraft display a FROM reading. 5. VOR Indications figure. shows the readings that an aircraft would have in eight different locations around the VOR station. In place A. the aircraft shows a centered TB. bespeaking that it is on path ; the TO-FROM flag shows FROM. Position B shows a left TB and a FROM indicant. Aircraft at places C and G are in the country of ambiguity. In this country. the opposing mention signals that actuate the TO-FROM index natural each other and bring forth an OFF Indication. The country of ambiguity widens with increasing distance from the station. The greater the distance. the longer the TO-FROM flag will bespeak OFF as the aircraft moves between the TO and FROM envelopes. DETERMINATION OF POSITION 1. Heading: Aircraft header has perfectly no consequence on the readings of the VOR index. No affair which way the aircraft is heading. the pilot receives the same indicant every bit long as the aircraft remains in the same path envelope ( see VOR Orientation ) . 2. POSITION Fix: To find a hole ( without DME ) . the pilot must utilize two VOR Stationss because the VOR gives merely way and non distance from the station. First. the pilot should tune the figure one VOR to one of the coveted Stationss and do positive designation. Unless the pilot makes positive designation. that station should non be used. If a VOR station is shut down for care or the signal is undependable because of a malfunction. the navaid designation is non transmitted. After placing the station. the pilot should focus on the TB acerate leaf with the positive FROM indicant on the TO-FROM/OFF flag. The pilot repeats this process with the other VOR station. Then. utilizing the chart. the pilot draws a line outbound from the VORs along the radials indicated by the path picker. The intersection of these bearings is the aircraft’s place ( see VOR Position Fix figure ) . Flight TO A VOR STATION 1. BRACKETING: Because there is by and large a crosswind. the pilot seldom can stop a radial. take up the header of that path. and wing straight to the station. To remain on path. the pilot must do a series of little corrections. The procedure of stoping a radial and doing the corrections necessary to stay on path is called bracketing. The method described here minimizes the figure of bends needed to find the necessary air current rectification. and requires the least attending by the pilot. Figure Bracketing a VOR Radial. below. shows the series of manoeuvres that a pilot uses in bracketing a radial to a VOR station. The pilot of the aircraft in place cubic decimeter determines that the radial of the coveted VOR station is to the right and the pilot must turn right to stop it. In place 2. the pilot turns to an intercept angle of 30 ° . Since the radial is 090 ° to the station. the intercept header is 120 ° as shown on the header index. In place 3. the aircraft intercepts the r adial. The pilot instantly turns the aircraft to a 090 ° header to co-occur with the inward way of the radial. While utilizing the heading index to carefully bold the header. the pilot in place 4 starts to float off path. The pilot so takes up a new intercept header of 070 ° a 20 ° intercept angle. The pilot flies this new intercept header of 070 ° until re-intercepting the radial. at which clip ( place 7 ) he or she divides this intercept angle by two and so turns to the new header which is 080 ° . The new header of 080 ° Lashkar-e-Taibas the aircraft impetus a small North of path. This informs the pilot that the coveted path header must be someplace between 090 ° . which allows the aircraft to float South of the radial. and 080 ° . which takes the aircraft North of the radial. At no clip from this point to the station will the pilot bend to a header less than 080 ° or heading more than 090 ° . As shown in place 9. the aircraft takes up the header of 090 ° . which allows the aircraft to float back onto the radial. As the aircraft intercepts the radial at place 10. the pilot turns to a header between 090 ° and 080 ° . so proceeds to the station. tracking the radial with an airc raft heading 085 ° . If the pilot takes up a specific intercept angle and so divides the angle by two. as necessary. the aircraft brackets the radial with the least figure of bends and holds e path with the greatest truth. TRACK TO THE STATION: The pilot should look into the heading index against the magnetic compass when get downing to track. ( The VOR index tells the pilot merely the place of the aircraft relation to a certain radial and the pilot must trust upon the header index for aircraft heading formation ) . The most common usage of VOR pilotage to wing on a radial from station to station. The pilot selects a radial class on the OBS and paths that radial by maintaining the TB acerate leaf centered. which occurs every bit long as the BS is in general understanding with the heading index. For illustration. if the dial is to the right. the index will indicate the right. and the pilot must turn in this way to stop the radial. As the aircraft passes the VOR station. the VOR receives two basic indicants provided that the aircraft crosses straight over the station. The most positive indicant is that TO-FROM index alterations to the opposite reading. ( TO to FROM ) . The 2nd. less certain indicant is the fluctuation of the TB. If the aircraft passes straight over the station. the needle fluctuates from side to side and returns to its original place. If the aircraft is left of path. the acerate leaf does non fluctuate. bur continues to indicate to the right. Likewise. if the aircraft is right of path. the acerate leaf will indicate to the left and non fluctuate as the aircraft passes abeam the station. TIME CHECK: Another usage for VOR is to take a clip cheque. which informs the pilot of the clip staying to wing to a station. For illustration. while inbound to the station on the 022 ° radial ( See VOR Time Check figure ) . the pilot wants to gauge the clip to the station. The pilot chosens to utilize the 030 ° radial to get down the clip cheque. and turns the aircraft to a header of 120 ° . which is at right angles to the 030 ° radial. The OBS is turned to 030 ° and as the needle centres. the pilot notes the clip. Immediately subsequently. the pilot rotates the OBS to 040 ° . which is the following radial to be used in the clip cheque. The pilot so continues to bold the 120 ° aircraft header and flies to the 040 ° radial. As the pilot crosses this radial and the needle centres. he or she notes the clip and finds that it has taken two proceedingss ( 120 seconds ) to do the 10 ° radial alteration. The expression for finding the clip staying to the station is: ( TIME IN SECONDS BETWEEN RADIAL CHANGE ) / ( DEGREES OF RADIAL CHANGE ) peers TIME TO STATION IN MINUTES. Therefore. by spliting 120 seconds by 10. the pilot finds that there are 12 proceedingss staying to wing to the station. Although this job can be worked out utilizing any grade of radial alteration. l0 grades of radial alteration is the simplest and fastest to calculate. RANGE AND ACCURACYScope * The VHF signals associated with VORs are propagated through line-of-sight. Line of sight scope of the sender located at sea degree and aircraft at 5000 pess would be about 88nm and at 10000 pess about 125 nanometers. Accuracy * Published VOR radials are accurate within 3 ° . TYPES OF VORDVOR ( Doppler Very High Frequency OmniDirectional Range ) A ground-based navigational assistance operating at really high frequence and utilizing a wide-aperture radiation system to cut down azimuth mistakes caused by contemplation from terrain and other obstructions ; makes usage of the Doppler rule to work out the job of ambiguity that arises from the usage of a radiation system with apertures that exceed one-half wavelength ; the system is so designed that its signals may be received on the equipment used for the narrow-aperture VOR ( very-high-frequency omnidirectional wireless scope ) . Test VOR ( VOT ) -Transmitter installed for proving the airborne equipment during the pre-flight cheques.– This is non to be used for any navigational information.Terminal VOR ( TVOR )* A low-powered VOR ( really high frequence omnidirectional wireless scope ) located at or near an airdrome for reaching and going pilotage. Weather Broadcast VOR ( BVOR )* Transmits voice conditions information of selected aerodomes in between the designation signals. VOR Tactical Air Navigation ( VORTAC )– A land wireless station dwelling of a collocated very-high-frequency omnidirectional wireless scope ( VOR ) and Tacan installation – can be used by civil aircraft as VOR/DME combination.– Transmitted signals of VOR and TACAN are each identified by three-letter codification transmittal and are interlocked so that pilots utilizing VOR AZ with TACAN distance can be assured that both signals being received are decidedly from the same land station. DBVORTAC ( Broadcasting Doppler VORTAC ) * A conditions airing co-located at TACAN.ERRORS AND LIMITATIONSBeacon Alignment/Ground Station Mistakes* Signal truth can be affected by mistake in the coevals of the signal and alliance of 360 radial with local magnetic North. Regular standardization of land equipment and alliance of signals are carried out with alterations of local fluctuations. Site Mistakes * VORs are sensitive to the intervention of terrain. Even adult grass may impact the directional extension of VOR signals. Propagation Mistake * Signals geting at aircraft can be distorted by specious signals that have been reflected by terrain or obstructors during the extension. * Assorted signals received in airborne equipment causes mistake in show. Airborne Equipment Mistake * Manufacturing inaccuracies and imperfectnesss in the airborne equipment produce little differences between the detected bearing and its show on the instrument. The equipment should be on a regular basis cheque and mistake contained within  ±2? . Navigation Mistake * While ciphering the entire truth of VOR signal the trouble in keeping a radial by pilot.

It has been claimed that Jackson Pollock was an artist of the Research Paper

It has been claimed that Jackson Pollock was an artist of the mid-twentieth century who inspired a revival of interest in Impressionism - Research Paper Example Dying at the age of 44, his work has become even more influential after his death, and many people can define and recognize a ‘Pollock’ for its unique and interesting style (Emmerling, 2003). Having had posthumous exhibitions at galleries such as the Tate Modern in London and MoMA in New York, Pollock can rightly be said to be one of the most influential modern artists, and as such his work will have inspired and influenced many others. Having this much power and influence, any art that his work references will be of interest to many, and as such Pollock can be said to have caused a revival of interest in Impressionism. Jackson Pollock, Lavender Mist: Number 1, 1950 The end of World War II created a feeling of alienation and disillusionment in the broader society (Shapiro, 2000). Vanguard artists, believing they are ‘one of the most moral and idealistic of beings’ turned to their art instead for ‘self-discovery, freedom of belief and action, and autono mous, honest creation’ (Sandler, 1978). The canvas became ‘an arena in which to act’ and to express emotions (Rosenberg, 1959). Moreover, ‘The gesture on the canvas was a gesture of liberation from value – political, aesthetic, moral’ (Rosenberg, 1959). ... ‘part of it during creation’ (West, 1996) and that ‘No artist among the Abstract Expressionists is more open about revealing the stages that led up to the surface we see’ (Varnedoe and Karmel, 2002). Pollock’s beliefs shaped his art and his biggest contribution to the revival of Impressionism and subsequent art movements in the 60s (De Zegher, 2005) and even the Feminist Movement (Nochlin, 2006) was ‘Pollock’s radical approach to painting’ for it revolutionized the potential for all contemporary art that followed him’ (Varnedoe and Karmel, 2002). To understand how Pollock is related to Impressionism, both its contribution to his work and vice versa, it is necessary to understand the movement itself. Impressionism is a late 19th century art movement based mainly in Paris (in contrast to Pollock’s 20th century New York). The main defining factor of Impressionist art work is that the paint is applied quickly and in thick strokes (Clancy, 2003) which means that the focus is on the emotions and atmosphere of the subject rather than the technical details of the piece (Herbert, 1991). The original Impressionism focused mainly on ordinary subject matter, and this is recognizable within the painting (Herbert, 1991). Another factor involved in the definition of Impressionism is that the paint colors are applied to the canvas without mixing where possible, relying on biological and psychological processes within the eye to bring them together (Clancy, 2003). Jackson Pollock, Blue Poles Number II, 1952 Bearing these details in mind, it becomes easier to see how Pollock can be seen as an extension of Impressionism and invoking a revival of it; ‘turning from the formal means of Impressionism to its expressive character, and its social and cultural

Bulling in Schools Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Bulling in Schools - Essay Example This essay approves that the first solution offers the scope that since bullying usually happens in the school premises, teachers will be able to identify any such activity quickly and will be able to educate their students about it. However, teachers cannot be present everywhere all the time and they will not be able to do much about the bullying that happens outside of school premises. The second solution will be of help outside of school premises and since children fear their parents more, they would probably listen to them. However, this does not guarantee that the students will abide by what their parents tell them even in the school premises. The third method is a more direct approach and hence perhaps the best. Educating students directly will help in curbing the activity both within the school premises and outside of it. Though explaining things to students is always a difficult job, however, once the students decide to listen, this method will be the most effective. This report makes a conclusion that the project regarding the problem of bullying in schools was not just an interesting project for me but it also helped me understand the various factors that are associate with bullying. Bullying is a growing nuance in schools and the best solution that can help curb the nuance is to educate people involved in the cycle, the students, parents and teachers. Educating the three will help in complete elimination of the problem. This project helped in developing my knowledge about the problem of bullying and the research helped in increasing my understanding about the various factors associated with the problem. Bullying is certainly a major problem and stern measures need to be taken to curb this nuance.

Organisational Behavior Notes Essay Example for Free

Organisational Behavior Notes Essay Definition * The study of human behaviour, attitudes and performance within organisational setting to improve performance and differences. * Frameworks of theories, methods and principles from disciplines such as psychology, sociology, political * The organisational Iceberg The study of organisational behaviour embraces, therefore an understanding of * The nature and purpose of the organisation * The human element and behaviour of people * Business strategy, organisational processes and the execution of work * The process of management as an integrating and co-ordinating activity * Social responsibilities and business ethics * The external environment of which the organisation is part of and * The need for organisation success and survival. The Pyschological Contract * The PC is not a formal written document that is referred to but a people organisation relationship where mutual expectations and satisfaction of needs are implied. * Important to enhance the level of trust and teamwork. * Human capital to be seen as a responsibility and a resources to be added to * Two observations in human behaviour at work * Peter Principle * Parkinson’s law ../2 The pyschological contract: possible examples of individual and organisational expectations Individual’s expectations of the organisation * Provide safe and hygienic working conditions. * Make every reasonable effort to provide job security. * Attempt to provide challenging and satisfying jobs, and reduce alienating aspects of work. * Adopy equitable human resource management policicies and procedures. * Respect the role of trade union officials and staff representatives. * Consult fully with staff and allow genuine participation in decisions which affect them. * Implement best practice in equal opportunity policies and precedures. * Reward all staff fairly according to their contribution and performance. * Provide reasonable opportunities for personal development and career progression. * Treat members of staff wit respect. * Demonstrate an understanding and considerate attitude towards personal problems of staff. Organisation’s Expectations of the Individual * Uphold the ideology of the organisation and the corporate image. * Work diligently in pursuit of organisational objectives. * Adhere to the rules, policicies and procedures of the organisation. * Respect the reasonable authority of senior members of staff. * Not to take advantage of goodwill shown by the management. * Be responsive to the leadership influence. * Demonstrate loyalty, respect confidentiality and not betray positions of trust. * Maintain harmonious relationships with work colleagues. * Not to abuse organisational facilities such as email or internet access. * Observe reasonable and acceptable standards of dress and appearance. * Show respect and consolidation to customers and suppliers. A pyshcological contract is not only measured in monetary value or in exchange of goods or services, it is in essence the exchange or sharing beliefs and values, expectations and satisfactions. Mutuality is the base principle of the pyshcological contract and consensus or mutual understanding is the basis of mutuality. Ideally therefore self-interest should be balanced with common interest in a win-win arrangement. In the past this unspoken contract might have implied that employees could expect job security and adequate rewards from their employer in exchange for hard work and loyalty. Today’s pyshological contract may be different, in line with a changed working environment that includes factors such as increased rationalism, technological changes, and management aproaches such as outsourcing. The new pyschological contract may revolve more around an employer’s willingness to assist you in developing your skills to order to maintain your marketability. The Peter Principle This is concerned with the study of occupational incompetence and the study of hierarchies. In a hierarchy every employee tends to rise to their level of incompetence. Employees competence in their postion are promoted and competence is each new position qualifies for promotion to the next highest posotion until a position of incompetence is reached. The principle is based on perceived incompetence in all levels of every hierarchy political, legal, educational and industrial and ways in whcih employees move upwards through a hierarchy and what happens to them after promotion. Peter suggests tow main means by which a person can effect their promotion rate. â€Å"Pull and push†. * Pull is an employee’s relationship – by blood, marriage and acqaintance – with a person above the employee in the hierarchy. * Push is sometimes manifested by an abnormal interest in study, vocational training and self-improvement. In small hierarchies push may have a marginal effect in accelerating promotion; in larger hierarchies the effect is minimal. Pull is therefore, likely to be more effective than Push. Parkinson’s Law A major feature of PL is that of the rising pyramid, that is â€Å"Work expands so as to fill the time available for its completion. There is little, if any, relationship between the quantity of work to be done and the number of staff doing it. Underlying this tendency are two statements; * An official wants to multiply subordinates, not rivals * Officials make work for each other What is driving leaders organisations behaviour? * The continuous importance that consumers base on value of product and service. * The diverse workforce is also an important factor that drives organisational behaviour. * Consumers expect that organisation understands their needs and produces top quality products at best price possible. These demands place leaders in a challenged situation by domestic and global markets and competition. What are organisational factors? * Organisational factors may be identified as the organisational environment, structure design * Individual characteristics, group behaviour * Overall decision making * The change processes adopted by the organisation The fast momentum in any industry highlights the importance of the leader to align the human resources with the organisational factors. Framing the Organisational behaviour Organisational behaviour may be studied under the following main contributors * The environment * The individual in the organisation * Group behaviour and interpersonal influence * Organisational process Organisational environment is the external and internal environment, the legal and political constraints, economic, technological changes and development all have an impact on the decisions that are taken by the management. The individual is the foundation of the organisation performance. This should therefore highlight the importance of managing individual behaviour at any level of the organisation. There are 3 important influences that mould the individual behaviour. 1. Individual characteristics 2. Individual motivation 3. Rewards Group behaviour Groups may form either intentionally by managerial decisions or form out of individual efforts. * Formal groups are groups that were intentionally created by managerial decisions * Informal groups are groups that form out of common interests and friendships that may have a negative or positive effect and therefore affect the organisation or individual performance. * Organisational processes are the communication, the decision making and the leadership elements that the organisation fosters as part of its culture and which in turn have an impact on the general performance of the individual and collective behaviour. Factors of organisation process Communication process is the ability of management to receive, transmit and act on information. The information integrates the internal activities with the external demand and information also integrates internally the activities of the organisation. Decision making process Decisions by managers have a direct impact on the employees well being, the organisation’s resources and the design and implementation of rules in a organisation. This should illustrate the importance of managers to communicate, assess and analyse the feedback of decisions and practises in the organisation. Leadership process Leaders in an organisation may be managers and non- managers. The manager may not always be the leader, yet leadership skills contribute in attaining the set goals. Some people believe that leadership styles should vary according to the situation, other believe that one style of leadership is effective in most situations. Importance of effectiveness * Surviving in the environment * Organisation ages- it forms, develops, matures and declines Importance of the Dimension of Time Quality, productivity, efficiency, satisfaction, adaptiveness and development are 6 general categories of effectiveness criteria. Each of the categories have a time base, short run criteria – 1 year, intermediate 5 years, long run are those for which the indefinite future is applicable. Personality Individual difference and work behaviour * Individual differences have a direct effect on behaviour because peole who perceive things differently behave differently. * Individual differences shape organisaitional behaviour and consequently, individual and organisaitional success. What is the ASA framework? This is the attraction- selection-attrition to careers and organisations. * Prospective employees are attracted to careers and organisations. * Organisations elect employees on the basis of the needs of the organisation. * Attrition occurs when individuals discover that they do not belong to the organisation. Studying individual differences at the work place is important since not addressing differences among employees may hinder from achieving organisation and personal goals. Understanding work behaviour Inorder to fully understand where individual differences arise the personal environment also needs to be given attention, weight and considered. Heredity factors are also important. An effective management must; * Observe and recognise the dufferences and * Study relationship between variables that influences individual behaviour. For discussion * What are the variables at work? * Give examples of work behaviour. Can you think of how these may be fostered on connected? The following variables impact employee productivity, creativity and performance extensively; * Heredity factors and diversity * Abilities and skills * Attitudes Heredity factors Gender, race and ethnic background are all heredity factors, mental and moral differences are also influenced by genetic inheritance and such factors mould each individual which in turn have a direct effect at work behaviour. 1.a Diversity * Diversity refers to those attributes that make people different from another. Primary dimensions of diversity include age, ethicity, gender, pyshical attributes, race and sexual orientation. When an employee is harassed as a resukt of diversity, due to isolation they become less enthusiastic in their job. * Managing diversity therefore ensures that employees become top level contributors especially in today’s Abilities and Skills * Ability is a pesson’s talent to perform a mental or pyshical task. * Skill is a learned talent that a person has acquired to perform a task. * Ability tends to be stable over time while skill tends to change according to training and experience. One needs ability to be a sales executive (appearance and manners are important) yet one may attain skills with years of experience in sales. * Mental ability therefore refers to the level of intelligence including comprehension, indicative or deictive reasoning, body language, associative memory etc. * Tacit knowledge is the work related to practical know how of the employees acquired eitehr through observation or direct experience on the job. Emotional intelligence – When you probe people to get to know them more * It is important that managers assess and attest abilities and skills snice no amount of leadership and motivation can make up for such deficiencies- job analysis therefore becomes important. * Job analysis is the process of defining and studying a job interms of tasks and behaviour and specifying responsibilities, education and training needes to perform a job – therefore removes guess work when recruiting. Attitudes Attitudes are deteriments of behaviour because they are linked with perception, personaility, fdeelings, etc therfore has a certain amount of importance to the managers. Attitudes are * Learned * Define one’s predeposition towards a given aspect or situation * Provide the emotional basis of one’s interpersonal relations and identifications with other * Attitudes are close to the core of personaility * Some attitudes are persistent and enduring while others are liable to change over time. Changing attitudes at the workplace How can a manager change attitudes of his employees? The process depends on three main factors / contributors 1. The Communicator 2. The Message 3. The Situation The Communicator * If the communicator is trusted and the employees perceive the manager as having prestige, they are more likely to change their attitudes. Employees change because they try to identify with a liked communicator and tend to adopt attitudes and behaviour of the liked individual. * A manager with a low prestige is not show respect / trust by peers and superiors – therefore more difficult to change attitudes of his team. The Message * Intentional and unintentional messages are delivered through verbal and no nverbal communication by managers. * The message delivered to employees has to be clear, understandable and convincing. * Developing persuasive verbal and non verbal communication skills is essential to managers. The Situation * The managers success in delivering a change in attitude also depends on the situation when the message is being delivered. * Distraction and pleasant surroundings are two factors that facilitate change in attitude (perks, performance allowance, training opportunities) Is job satisfaction an attitude? Job satisfaction results from the perception of the job itself and the degree which there is a good fit between the individual and the organisation Factors to consider * Pay – not just the pay but the perceived fairness. * The work itself are job tasks considered interesting? Do they provide opportunities for learning and accepting further / higher responsibilities? * Supervision – technical competence and interpersonal skills of the immediate boss. * Co workers – extent to which co workers are friendly, competent and supportive. Advancement opportunities – availability of opportunities Work conditions – the physical work environment is comfortable and supportive of productivity. Job security – it is reasonable expectation that one’s position is secure and contured employment within the organisation. Job relation in relation to Job performance on Effectiveness Are these 2 factors related or dependant on each other? * Attempts by management to satisfy employees may not mean higher performance while high performance may not mean that the employers are satisfied at work. * Discuss the ripple effects of rewards, warnings, absenteeism, fair promotion etc. That these have on job performance in general. Effect on OC Personality Personality refers to a relatively stable set of feelings and behaviour that have been significantly formed by genetic and environmental factors. * The manager attempting to understand his employees must give attention to the major forces that shape personality. * Cultural forces, heredity, family, relationship and social class are all factors that mould personality. How? * Culture – society, institutes various pattern behaviour with the result that members of a culture have common personality characteristics. * Heredity – varies from personality to another but are not constant since it is associated with values or ideals (temperament) * Family relationships – the experience one has with his parents, grandmothers, other family members / life experiences. * Social class – influences one’s self perception, perception of others, of work, of authority of money factor. * Personality is therefore a product (a number of forces that together have attributed to shape the unique individual). Personality is interrelated with perception, attitudes, learning and motivation – therefore analysis behaviour is incomplete unless personality is considered. Personality and Behaviour in Organisations The big five Personality Dimensions is key in understanding organisational behaviour. 1. Extroversion (Open minded, sociable, etc) 2. Emotional (Stability) 3. Agreeableness (More open to people, challenges and change) 4. Conscientousness (to understand your people’s attraction) Other three major factors are: Locus of control This relates to the extent to which employees believe that their behaviour will influence what happens to them. (Differing personalities of Internals Externals). Self efficacy Personal beliefs of competencies and abilities. This has an impact on Org behaviour and decisions like selection, training programmes and goal setting and performance. Creativity This is a personality trait that requires deviation from the normal thinking to produce new and useful ideas. (Think in an unconventional way). While a personality factor of the individual organisations play an important role to develop creativity at work by giving opportunities and freedom to think and come forward with new ideas. Reward winning ideas and discuss failures positively to nourish creativity all round. The Importance of Culture National Culture is the sum total of the beliefs, rituals, rules, customs, artefacts and institution that characterise the population. How organisational transactions are conducted is affected by nation’s culture and its subcultures. Values, customs and rituals of cultures do not simply appear. They are revolutionary and are influenced by politics, religion, language and cultural aspects. Managing in the 21st century For effective management understanding different cultures and various organisational cultures is important in the 21st century. ../9 ../9 Adaptation to new environment is becoming a common occurrence and although adaptation from one origin to another is always difficult, it can be better understood by learning about organisational culture. Organisational Culture Organisational culture is the shared values, norms, beliefs and norms which influence the way employees think, feel and act towards others inside and outside the organisation. OC gives unique identity to an organisation Although culture cannot be seen, it can be sensed and felt through a person’s attitudes, emotions and perceptions. â€Å"The way we do things around here† Deal and Kennedy 1982 â€Å"The collective programming of the mind†, Geert Hofstede 2001. Hostede identified four dimensions of culture: power distance, uncenrtainty, avoidance, individualism and masculinity. Power distance is essentially used to categorise levels of inequity in organisations which Hofstede claims will depend upon managment style, willingness of subordinates to diasgree with superiors, and the educational level and status accruing to particular roles. Uncertainty avoidance refers to the extent to which members of a society feel threatened by unusual situations. High uncertainty avoidance is said to be characteristic in France, Spain, Germany and many Latin American societies. Individualism describes the relatively individualistic or collectivisit ethic evident in that particular society. The USA, France and Spain display high individualism. Masculinity refers to a continuum between masculine charactertistics such as assertiveness and competitiveness, and feminine traits such as caring, a stress upon the quality of life and concern with the environment. Can organisational culture be created by management? * Ann Cunliffe (2008) states that OC is important for 4 reasons *Slaps the image that the public has as an organisation * Influences organisational performance * Provide direction to the company * Help to attract and retain motivated staff Creating the desired OC may be difficult since imposing a particular culture may not be met with resistance. Why? Is disparity between what the management states as values and the reality with the employee an issue? What organisational factors may be attributed to the development of a desired OC? Communication is an organisational factor that is an important factor is developing and fostering an OC Why? Discuss with example? Communicating top down only leaves management out of touch from the real situation and may lead to a gap in culture that management wants to create another culture that actually develops. Uncover the levels of cultures Artefacts Visible organisational structures and processes (had to decipher). Annual report, newsletter, furnishings are examples of artefacts. Espoused Values – Strategies, goals, philosophies (espoused justifications). Assumptions that tell individuals how to perceive, think and feel about work, human relationships and performance of colleagues. Basic underlying assumptions – Unconscious taken for granted beliefs, perceptions, thoughts and feelings (ultimate sources of values and actions). Summary with examples of Schein’s three levels of culture * Surface manifestation of culture – most accessible forms which are visible and audible behaviour patterns and objects (observable culture, send a message) * Organisational values – the accumulated beliefs held about how work hold be done and situations dealt with that guide employee behaviour ( be honest, be creative, work hard) * Basic assumption – invisible perceptions, taken for granted understandings, held by individual with an organisation concerning behaviour, the nature of reality and its relationship to its environment (stability, excellence, quality and responsibility). Where does OC come from? Values are the basic element that distinguishes one organisation from the other. Changing organisation structure and its process will mean a change in values and therefore a change in culture. Why? Discuss the difference on a change from tall hierarchy to a change in flat hierarchy.